Geotechnical engineers utilize a critical role in recognizing subsurface voids, which pose significant challenges to the stability and functionality of structures. These hidden cavities can stem from various causes, such as geological formations, erosion, or human activities. Utilizing a suite of investigative techniques, including geophysical sur

Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical integrity. Accurately identifying these voids is fundamental for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity

Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the recording